| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
The presentation focuses on the processes influencing soil and landscape degradation, on evaluation of the problem and on possible remedial measures. Landscape degradation is a global problem caused by a number of factors, often in combination, including inappropriate management, unsustainable farming procedures, pollution, deforestation, etc. Protection of land against degradation is one of the 21st century global problems which currently has a negative influence on roughly a third of the Earth’s land surface. The quality of agricultural land is declining, and there is a consequent impact on the land’s non-productive functions, and the environment itself. These processes are intensifying, not only due to actual farm management, but also due to changes in the agricultural landscape. A typical example can be seen in the development of landscape in the post-war period in Central and Eastern Europe, with the collectivization of agriculture. On a global scale, one of the most serious types of degradation is that of water erosion. It is therefore given greater attention in this presentation. According to research reports, European farm land is subject to an average annual loss of more than 2 ton.ha-1 due to water erosion. In these erosion areas, significant changes are evident in a number of studied soil characteristics. A very sensitive reaction is noted especially in characteristics relating to soil organic matter, or biological and biochemical properties. Similar changes are apparent in production characteristics relating to crop yield and economic indicators. A smaller area of land, roughly a third in comparison with water erosion, is threatened by wind erosion. A problem with intensively farmed arable land is its relatively low content of organic matter as a result of farm management with low quantities of crop residue. This is compounded by other problems, such as a considerable compaction of soil due to changes in water and air regimes, loss of biodiversity or contamination due to heavy industrialisation. Some of these degradation factors act in unison, leading to intensification of e.g. soil erosion, reduced retention capability, resulting in degradation of landscape and disturbance of its structure and ecosystem services. In other parts of the world, other problems of degradation factors are on the increase, such as soil salination, which may even become a greater problem within Europe due to climatic changes. In order to comprehend the extent and intensity of soil and landscape degradation, numerous models have been developed and used in recent decades which are applicable from global to local level. Many of these relate to soil erosion. An essential factor in the creation of these models is the availability of data relating to soil erosion. In the Czech Republic there is a long tradition of gathering such data. It was, therefore, possible to use this data on our worksite as the basis for a degradation model for the Czech Republic. This enables the evaluation of individual degradation influences, on a cadastral level, including the combined effect of their incidence. This means the model is of particular use in identifying the most problematic areas, which can then be worked on with the proposal of measures to improve the state of both soil and landscape. Of course, apart from land management, soil degradation also relates to physical-geographic factors of the land. Knowledge of these can help in the proposal of measures against the increasing degradation of landscape. A demonstration of this practical proposal, on which we are working (e.g. project QK1810233 Ministry of Agriculture, or Technology Agency CZ Centre for landscape and biodiversity – DivLand) will also be part of the presentation. |
