| چکیده انگلیسی مقاله |
Soil erosion by water is one of the major threats not only to soils but also to ecosystem services, crop production, drinking water and carbon stocks in Europe, but also within the Balkan Countries. The Mediterranean region, where Montenegro belongs, is particularly prone to erosion. This is because it is subject to long dry periods followed by heavy bursts of erosive rainfall, falling on steep slopes with fragile soils, resulting in considerable amounts of erosion. In most of the European countries monitoring of soil erosion is one of the mandatory policy matters. The application of a modified version of the Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation (RUSLE) model (RUSLE2015) to estimate soil loss in Europe, within which the input factors (Rainfall erosivity, Soil erodibility, Cover-Management, Topography, Support practices) are modeled with the most recently available pan-European datasets. The mean soil loss rate in the European :union:'s erosion-prone lands (agricultural, forests and semi-natural areas) was found to be 2.46 ton.ha−1.yr−1, resulting in a total soil loss of 970 Mt annually. In parts of the Mediterranean region, erosion has reached a stage of irreversibility and in some places erosion has practically ceased because there is no more soil left. With a very slow rate of soil formation, any soil loss of more than 1 ton.ha−1.yr−1 can be considered as irreversible within a time span of 50-100 years. Losses of 20 to 40 ton.ha−1 in individual storms, that may happen once every two or three years, are measured regularly with losses of more than 100 ton.ha−1 in extreme events. The elite’s resolve to accumulate ever more wealth and to maintain, consolidate, or expand their sociopolitical power and the necessity of the poor to fulfill their requirements of food. Unless the vast masses of poor people are integrated into the national mainstream through the implementation of equitable and redistributive development policies, it is impossible to control within the South-East European Countries the accelerating rate of soil erosion and thus to achieve the objective of sustainable development. The main causes of soil erosion are still inappropriate agricultural practices, deforestation, overgrazing and construction activities. For assessing soil erosion risk, various approaches can be adopted. A distinction can be made here between expert-based and model-based approaches. One may make a subdivision based on the time scale for which a model can be used: some models are designed to predict long-term annual soil losses, while others predict single storm losses (event-based). Alternatively, a distinction can be made between lumped models that predict erosion at a single point, and spatially distributed models. Another useful division is the one between empirical and physically-based models. The choice for a particular model largely depends on the purpose for which it is intended and the available data, time and funds. In Montenegro we grounded analysis on soil erosion intensity using the local IntErO model developed by Spalevic, based on the Erosion Potential model of Gavrilovic. New initiatives are now based on the development of Web based IntErO that will be open dynamic map for calculation of soil erosion intensity, available for all the researchers from the South-East Europe and the other interested parties all over the World. |
